Regional Dialect - Definition and Examples

A regional dialect, also known as a  regiolect or topolect, is a distinct form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area. If the form of speech transmitted from a parent to a child is a distinct regional dialect, that dialect is said to be the childs vernacular. Examples and Observations As opposed to a national dialect, a regional dialect is spoken in one particular area of a country. In the USA, regional dialects include Appalachian, New Jersey and Southern English, and in Britain, Cockney, Liverpool English and Geordie (Newcastle English). . . .In contrast to a regional dialect, a social dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group based on social characteristics other than geography.(Jeff Siegel, Second Dialect Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, 2010) [L]inguists refer to so-called Standard English as a dialect of English, which from a linguistic point of view, is no more correct than any other form of English. From this point of view, the monarchs of England and teenagers in Los Angeles and New York all speak dialects of English,(Adrian Akmajian, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. The MIT Press, 2001) Studies of the Regional Dialects in North America The investigation of the regional dialects of American English has been a major concern for dialectologists and sociolinguists since at least the early part of the twentieth century when The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada was launched and dialectologists began conducting large-scale surveys of regional dialect forms. Although the traditional focus on regional variation took a back seat to concerns for social and ethnic dialect diversity for a couple of decades, there has been a resurgent interest in the regional dimension of American dialects. This revitalization was buoyed by the publication of different volumes of the Dictionary of American Regional English (Cassidy 1985; Cassidy and Hall 1991, 1996; Hall 2002), and more recently, by the publication of The Atlas of North American English (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2005). (Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes, ​American English: Dialects and Variation, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2006) Varieties of Regional Dialects in the U.S. Some differences in U.S. regional dialects may be traced to the dialects spoken by colonial settlers from England. Those from southern England spoke one dialect and those from the north spoke another. In addition, the colonists who maintained close contact with England reflected the changes occurring in British English, while earlier forms were preserved among Americans who spread westward and broke communication with the Atlantic coast. The study of regional dialects has produced dialect atlases, with dialect maps showing the areas where specific dialect characteristics occur in the speech of the region. A boundary line called an isogloss delineates each area. (Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams, An Introduction to Language, 9th ed. Wadsworth, 2011) Regional Dialects in England and Australia The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years but in Australia for only 200 explains why we have a great wealth of regional dialects in England that is more or less totally lacking in Australia. It is often possible to tell where an English person comes from to within about 15 miles or less. In Australia, where there has not been enough time for changes to bring about much regional variation, it is almost impossible to tell where someone comes from at all, although very small differences are now beginning to appear.(Peter Trudgill, The Dialects of England, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1999) Dialect Leveling [T]he frequent complaint today that dialects are dying out reflects the fact that the basis for dialects has shifted. Nowadays, people travel hundreds of miles and think nothing of it. People commute to work in London from as far afield as Birmingham. Such mobility would explain, for example, why 150 years ago there was a traditional Kentish dialect, while today it barely survives, such is the close and regular contact with London. ... [I]nstead of small relatively isolated communities where each person mingles with more or less the same people for a lifetime, we have vast human melting-pots where people have diffuse social networks—mingling regularly with different people, adopting new speech forms and losing the old rural forms. Both developments in communication and the effects of urbanization have contributed to dialect leveling, a term referring to the loss of original traditional dialectal distinctions. (Jonathan Culpeper, History of English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005)

Article Review On Racist Speech, By Charles R. Lawrence

The three essays, â€Å"On Racist Speech,† â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus,† and â€Å"Thinking Further about Facebook† serve the purpose to outline various incidents in which regulation of the First Amendment. In the first two essays we see regulation as a safeguard to protect against racial discrimination and in the final essay cyberbullying is brought up as a downfall arising from lack of regulation. Although touching on different subjects all three essays recognize that there is a problem with the liberties given by the First Amendment right of free speech. Upon the introduction of his essay, â€Å"On Racist Speech,† Charles R. Lawrence reveals that he has always taken full advantage of his cherished First Amendment Liberties;†¦show more content†¦To present opposing views, Lawrence acknowledges the counter argument that states that minorities must live with the burdens of racial insults for the good of society, since limiting freedom of speech would be detrimental to democracy. To this Lawrence answers that two U.S. values are being fought against each other, that of the idea of democracy, and on the other hand, equality. To wrap up his thoughts, Lawrence pleas that the First Amendment should be a â€Å"vehicle of liberation,† not an â€Å"instrument of domination† (Lawrence 67). Furthermore, Lawrence appeals to his audience uncertainties by constructing the idea that although we think to understand the misery of the victims to racial insults we can not identify with them unless having suffered the discrim ination ourselves. A strong point, Lawrence offers that regulations to the First Amendment have been instituted in the past, such as on obscene speech and libel, without any accompanying negativity. In summation, Lawrence reiterated that those who believe in equality must fight for the rights of the oppressed, and although it will be a strenuous fight, it is one that is necessary. A speed bump I encountered during my reading of this essay was thinking too quickly. While reading I tried forming conclusions about the author’s argument, but found myself confused when theShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesof America (RIAA). The RIAA, which represents record companies responsible for 85% of the total sales of records in the U.S., initially responded fiercely against any of the PMRC’s demands, invoking First Amendment rights for the free exercise of speech and music (Goodchild 1986:161). On August 5, President Gortikov of the RIAA sent a letter to PMRC President Pam Howar in which he stated that the RIAA agreed to have a warning label put on all future albums which contained songs with explicit lyricalRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesThe Black, by Stendhal (1830) The Captain s Daughter, by Alexander Pushkin (1836) Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « (1847)[21] Pendennis, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1848–1850) David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850) Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[22] Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens (1861) Sentimental Education, by Gustave Flaubert (1869) The Adventures of Pinocchio, by Carlo Collodi (1883) The Story of an African Farm, by Olive Schreiner (1883) The Adventures of HuckleberryRead More Affirmative Action Essay4528 Words   |  19 Pagesaction varies, considering that a position on affirmative action may have strong consequences. Human rights journalist Robert Clegg claims that republicans do not want to speak out against affirmative action because they do not want to be labeled as racist (Clegg 19). Gilens has shown that this fear is similar throughout all whites (Democratic, Republican, liberal and conservative) that oppose certain aspects of affirmative action policies (Gilens 182). Thus the results are certain ambiguous positionsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus IndianapolisRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesJayawardena, â€Å"Migration and Social Change: A Survey of Indian Communities Overseas,† Geographical Review 58, no. 3 (1968): 426–449; Amarjit Kaur, â€Å"Indian Labour, Labour Standards, and Workers’ Health in Burma and Malaya, 1900– 1940,† Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (2006): 425–475; Dudley L. Poston Jr. and Mei-YuYu, â€Å"The Distribution of the Overseas Chinese in the Contemporary World,† International Migration Review 24, no. 3 (1990): 480–508; and various other sources. A  majority of Asians also moved

Drug And Club Essay Example For Students

Drug And Club Essay Drugs and nightclubsDrugs are illegal in most countries and the extermination of drugs has always been one of our most important worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drugs is one of the toughest and most complicated goal we face. With all the effort we put into the issue, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not a major reason the attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of the attempts. As long as a strong desire to use drugs exists, drugs wonft exterminate. Why people take drugs? Drugs symbolize power, states, freedom, and the ultimate ghighh in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher states, more power and their success. We are not easily deterred from using drugs because we refuse to give up our dreams and goals, and often are willing to do whatever it takes along the path to success. The desire for the drugs is worth the risk of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting caught is extremely few. Th erefore, many people are willing to risk getting caught because the benefits of drugs outweigh the risks. @Drugs are always been closely linked to the entertainment industry. Nightclubs have become the ideal place to administer drugs. In this essay I would discuss gClub drugsh which are used popular in nightclubs. GHB (gemma hydroxybutyrate) is surfacing on the street, in private nightclub and on the body builder scene. A central nerveous system depressant, GHB has been leagally used as and anesthetic, and for treatment of majour. The main date rape drug is Rohypnol, it is also known as gRoofiesh. It is similar to Valium, but then times more powerful. Rohypnnol is illegal in the United States, but it is used in other countries prescribed for sleeping disorders. It is usually found in a small odorless, tasteless white pill that can be crushed up and easily dropped into a drink. it dissolves fast making hard to detect. It can also be found in a liquid form, which are rare, but can make it harder to detect. Effects of Rohypnol usually occur within twenty to thirty minutes. The effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and being disoriented. It also affects motor skills such as walking, talking and balance. It makes one feel like very drunk. This is why it is becoming known as a club drug. Rohypnol is used mostly as an enhancer drug, which means hat it is taken to enhance the effects of another drug. Onefs health risks increase with he consumption of alcohol, which can lead to death or coma. Rohypnol has been found t o be philsically addictive and it does have bead withdrawals. The main side effect of the drug is a memory loss of four to ten hours, during which time a person can be rendered helpless. Another date rape rug is GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), known as gliquid ecstasyh, gliquid Gh or grievous bodily harm. GHB is also used as an enhancer drug, because it has no hangover and usually can not be detected four to five hours after dispension. Also it has no documented long-term effects, or physiological addiction. It is usually found as a clear liquid. GHB used to be legal, it was used by body builders to help build muscle, but was banned in 1990 for public safety concern, because it could become harmful when mixed with other drugs. Effects of the drug are usually felt in fifteen to twenty minutes. The effects are different for each person. GHB caused short-term amnesia. Common effects are nausea, dizziness, confusion and drowsiness. Health risks also increase with the consumption of alcohol or other drugs.

Tips to Improve Your Citation Skills while being a student

Tips to Improve Your Citation Skills while being a student It’s impossible to imagine academic writing without quotes and citations. Frankly speaking, the issue of citation has a lot of details and covers even more tricky points, but we will not go too far. Today we will talk about citation skills necessary for successful academic writing. Working on your essay you may face the situation when you need to reference someone’s work in your paper, and that’s fine, but you must do it in a proper way in order to avoid plagiarism. Why we use quotes? The decision to quote is made when the essay’s author feels that some particular passage of the original text lets him/her express and illustrate the idea in a very specific way. If you apply this method correctly, the final result will make you and your readers satisfied. Quotes from the original text There several ways to include the quote in your text, the simplest one is to quote directly. It means that you copy the text word for word and use quotation marks to show the beginning and the end. In addition, you have to mention the surname of the author, the date of publication and the page number (if there is one). If you are writing the essay on psychology and want to refer Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus by John Gray, your quote will look like this: Gray (2012, p.158) argues that a man needs â€Å"to be needed†; otherwise, it is â€Å"a slow death† for him. How to format your quote The right format is a compulsory point for any academic writing. As we discussed above, the author’s surname, the year of the material published and the page number must be included, but you should also go through your institution’s rules and check whether put a comma or a colon before the quote and the necessary quotation marks – single ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or double â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Short and long quotes Keep in my mind that you may happen to deal with short and long quotes. We gave the example of the former a little bit earlier, so now we should pay some attention to the latter. We will not switch to another author and stay with John Gray: â€Å"If we are to feel the positive feelings of love, happiness, trust, and gratitude, we periodically also have to feel anger, sadness, fear, and sorrow†. (Gray, 2012, p.261) After that, you may have a question of the author’s name, or rather, its place – inside or outside the brackets. The difference lies in the fact that in the first example the author’s name was used in our own sentence with the short quote. Considering the page number, you should include it if you quote directly and if you paraphrase and summarize some particular idea. In the cases when you consider the content or key idea of the book as a whole, there is no need to cite the page number. Choose the right reporting verb It doesn’t matter what reference you will decide to use – quote, paraphrase or summary, you will most likely have to deal with reporting verbs. These verbs may look almost identical or very similar, but all of them have some differences in meaning or use. While choosing the most suitable option pay attention to that – reporting verbs can indicate strength, weakness or neutrality, and you may apply them both to your own point of view and the writer’s thoughts.

Australians response to the Cold War essays

Australians response to the Cold War essays Cold War is the term used to describe the tensions from about 1945 between the USSR and Eastern Europe on the one hand and the USA and Western Europe on the other. Cold War can be seen in the disagreements between the USSR and the Western allies during World War 2, especially over the future structure of Eastern Europe. As Europe was divided into East and West, the USSR creates communism in Eastern Europe, whilst the West remains Capitalist. Australia felt that the communism could be a threat and so Prime Minister Menzies sought a major US presence and manoeuvred Australia into a position of being invited to send military help during the Vietnam War. At the end of World War 2, Australia and other Western countries were concerned, as communism swept across the world. The Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe and in 1949 China became communist. In 1950 communist North Korea attacked the non communist country of South Korea. The Cold War developed between the East and the West and the USA introduced a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism. The Australian Prime minister Robert Menzies believed that communism was a threat to Australia as several union leaders were communists and there had been a series of serious strikes in the late 1940's. He introduced a law to ban the Communist Party, however this law was challenged and dismissed in the high court. In 1951 Menzies held a referendum to legalise the banning of the Communist Party. The result was a narrow NO vote. In the years that followed, Menzies called for a Royal Commission to investigate alleged Soviet spying in Australia, after being warned by a defector named Vladimir Petrov. Soviet officials tried to force Petrov back to the Soviet Union, but he was allowed to remain in Australia and given political asylum. The Labour Party tried to use the Petrov affair to gain votes in the 1954 election. The Royal Commission found that there was no Soviet Spy Ring in Aust ...

How to Count Above 10,000 in Chinese

How to Count Above 10,000 in Chinese Mandarin numbers up to 9,999 follow the same basic pattern as English numbers, but numbers 10,000 and higher are quite different. In English, numbers larger than 10,000 are stated in terms of thousands. However, large numbers are written and read as divisions of 10,000 in Chinese. Ten Thousand The Chinese character for 10,000 is è  ¬ / ä ¸â€¡ (traditional / simplified), pronounced wn. Any number higher than 10,000 read in terms of the number of 10,000s. For example, 20,000 would be å… ©Ã¨  ¬ / ä ¸ ¤Ã¤ ¸â€¡ (liÇŽng wn), or two ten-thousands. 17,000 would be ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨  ¬Ã¤ ¸Æ'Ã¥ Æ' / ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¤ ¸Æ'Ã¥ Æ' (yÄ « wn qÄ « qiÄ n), or one ten-thousand seven thousand. 42,300 would be å››è  ¬Ã¥â€¦ ©Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾ / å››ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾ (sà ¬ wn liÇŽng qiÄ n sÄ n bÇŽi), or four ten-thousand  two thousand three hundred.   So on and so forth, any number from 10,000 up to 100,000,000 is constructed by the following pattern: number of 10,000snumber of 1,000snumber of 100snumber of tensnumber of ones If there is a zero in the hundreds, tens, or ones place, it is replaced by é› ¶ là ­ng. If there are a series of zeros, as in 21,001, they are replaced by a single é› ¶ là ­ng. Examples of Large Numbers Here is a list of more large numbers. Audio files are available and marked with ââ€" º to help with pronunciation and listening comprehension skills. See if you can say the number out loud without looking at the Chinese version. Or, listening to the audio file and see if you can write out the number. 58,697ââ€" ºwÇ” wn bÄ  qiÄ n lià ¹ bÇŽi jiÇ” shà ­ qÄ «Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¨  ¬Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥ Æ'å… ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸Æ'ä ºâ€Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥ Æ'å… ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸Æ'950,370ââ€" ºjiÇ” shà ­ wÇ” wn sÄ n bÇŽi qÄ « shà ­Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥  Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¨  ¬Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸Æ'Ã¥  Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥  Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸Æ'Ã¥  1,025,658ââ€" ºyÄ « bÇŽi ling à ¨r wn wÇ” qiÄ n lià ¹ bÇŽi wÇ” shà ­ bÄ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã©â€º ¶Ã¤ ºÅ'è  ¬Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥ Æ'å… ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥  Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã©â€º ¶Ã¤ ºÅ'ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥ Æ'å… ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥  Ã¥â€¦ «21,652,300ââ€" ºliÇŽng qiÄ n yÄ « bÇŽi lià ¹ shà ­ wÇ” wn liÇŽng qiÄ n sÄ n bÇŽiå… ©Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¨  ¬Ã¥â€¦ ©Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾97,000,000ââ€" ºjiÇ” qiÄ n qÄ « bÇŽi wnä ¹ Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸Æ'ç™ ¾Ã¨  ¬Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸Æ'ç™ ¾Ã¤ ¸â€¡ Even Larger Numbers After ten thousand, the next largest number unit used in Chinese is one-hundred million. One-hundred million in Mandarin Chinese is å„„ / ä º ¿ (ââ€" ºyà ¬). It can also be expressed as è  ¬Ã¨  ¬ / ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ¸â€¡ (wn wn). Following are the series of numbers larger than one-hundred million. Each number is 10,000 times larger than the previous one. åž“ / å…† zho 1012ä º ¬ jÄ «ng 1016åž“ gÄ i 1020ç § ­ zÇ  1024ç © ° rng 1028æ º  / æ ²Å¸ gÃ… u 1032æ ¾â€" / æ ¶ § jin 1036æ ­ £ zhÄ“ng 1040è ¼â€° / è ½ ½ zi 1044 Learning Tips Using numbers units like è  ¬ / ä ¸â€¡or å„„ / ä º ¿ can be confusing at first. Here are a few tips for quickly knowing how to read large numbers out loud. One tip is to move the comma one place to the left. A number is usually separated every three digits by a comma. For example: 14,000. Now, lets move the comma over by one digit. By seeing a number 1,4000, it becomes easier to read numbers in terms of ten-thousands. In this case, it is  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨  ¬Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¥ Æ' /  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¥ Æ', or one ten-thousand four thousand.   Another tip is to simply memorize a few large numbers. How do you say one million in Chinese? What about 10 million?

Training and development in Human Resources Management (HRM) Essay

Training and development in Human Resources Management (HRM) - Essay Example On the similar context, development can be described as the process of attaining adequate knowledge as well as skills that might be utilised even in the future (Fitzgerald, â€Å"Training Versus Development†). Thus, development process prepares the human resources to take up further responsibilities in the future. Training and development program in an organization ensures that the skill development and up-gradation of its employees are carried-out in a structured process. It is essential for organizations in the current day context to properly train as well as develop their employees for the improvement of their business performances. This is because regular augmentation of the skills and proficiencies of the employees is necessary for developing innovative approaches for the production of new products and services in the organization (Haynes & Fryer, â€Å"Human Resources, Service Quality and Performance: A Case Study†). Thus, training and development of employees per forms an important role in the creation of innovation in the organization and also in bringing about positive organizational changes. Moreover, the training and development component of HRM plays a significant role in the succession planning of an organization. ... In the present research paper, the scope and dimension of training and development process will be attributed to a situation where the process is required to be implemented upon a newly recruited first line supervisor in a paper company, Jay Inc. The process will be imparted upon the newly recruited employee by the one previously holding the first line supervisor’s position and has now been promoted as store manager. The various required issues that will be essential for the promoted employee in order to impart training to the newly recruited employee will be discussed widely in this research paper. Job Analysis and Job Description Job analysis and job description are two of the most essential interconnected operations in an organization. Information about a job is collected through the process of job analysis, the findings of which are compiled in a job description. For the efficient creation of a job description, it is essential that the extent of information about the job i s kept large and wide. However, the information quality is the greatest determinant of the successful accomplishment of job analysis and job description. The collection process of information should be concentrated upon collecting realistic and accurate data. In this regard, the job incumbents are the most appropriate provider of information (American University of Beirut, â€Å"Job Analysis and Description†). Hence, in the case of Jay Inc, crucial information about the job details of first line supervisor can easily be gathered as the task has been provided to the employee who was in the same position, a few days earlier. The main task of the first line supervisors is to direct workers in the